Nitrogen is an odorless, colorless and non-toxic element. It is non flammable and relatively inert. Nitrogen was first liquefied by two Polish physicists, Karol Olszewski and Zygmunt Wróblewski, at the Jagiellonian University on 15 April 1883. Liquid nitrogen is nitrogen existing in liquid form at an extremely low temperature. The chemical is commercially produced by the process of fractional distillation of liquid air.
Liquid nitrogen is sometimes denoted as LN, LN2 or LIN. It has the UN number 1977. At normal atmospheric pressure, the chemical boils at 77K (-321 °F or -196 °C). The chemical freezes at 63K (−346 °F or −210 °C). Since, it is extracted from the atmosphere; the chemical is considerably inexpensive and rarely refrigerated. It appears like boiling water. The chemical is kept in special insulated containers known as Dewars. These containers are used for safely storing and transporting the chemical. The liquid chemical can be easily transformed in solid state by positioning it in a vacuum chamber featuring a rotatory vacuum pump.

Liquid nitrogen is a cryogenic fluid. It has several cryogenic and cooling applications. The efficiency of liquid nitrogen as a coolant is limited because it starts boiling immediately on coming in contact with a warmer object. This phenomenon is known as the Leidenfrost effect. This effect applies to any fluid that comes in contact with an object hotter than its boiling point.

The chemical is used as a coolant for Charge Coupled Device cameras, which are used in astronomy applications. It is also used for storing cells at low temperature for laboratory applications. The liquid chemical also acts as a source of dry nitrogen gas. It also used for cryopreservation of blood, sperms, eggs and other biological samples for future studies and reanimation. It also used for freezing water pipes in situations where a valve is not installed to block the water flow. The liquid element is also used in the process of promession, which involves disposing off the dead bodies by freeze drying. The chemical is used for cooling a superconductor. Liquid nitrogen is also used as a coolant in controlled evaporation processes and for vacuum pump traps and computers. It also used as a coolant to shrink mechanical parts temporarily during machine assembly.

The chemical is also used for immersion freezing and transportation of food items. It is also used for preparing food products, such as ultra-smooth ice cream. The ultra smooth ice cream contains the same ingredients present in the regular ice cream, such as cream, fruits, chocolate chips, sugar and flavorings. This type of ice cream is frozen with the help of nitrogen instead of a freezer.

Nitrogen is also used in cryotherapy, which involves the removal of potentially malignant skin tissues and lesions, such as actinic keratosis and warts.

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